Justice Data Snapshots

Criminal justice trends vary by state—now more than ever. Decision-makers need up-to-date, state-specific data to navigate today’s challenges. These snapshots pull together the most recent data for each state on crime, arrests, behavioral health, workforce, recidivism, and more in one place.

To help put your state’s trends in context, request a briefing from our justice data experts by contacting Madeleine Dardeau at [email protected].

Despite concerns about increasing violent crime, far more people die due to suicide, alcohol, and drugs than homicide in the United States.

Nationally, over four times more people died of drug overdoses and twice as many people died from suicide compared to homicide in 2023.

In the United States in 2023, 100,129 people died from drug overdoses, 49,315 people died by suicide, 47,940 deaths were alcohol induced, and 22,828 people were victims of homicide.

Cause of death

Rate per 100k residents, United States

CDC National Center for Health Statistics

Behavioral health service providers

People involved in the criminal justice system are also often utilizers of behavioral health services. However, this means that the justice system can become a provider of last resort when these services are not available or are insufficient to meet a person’s needs. These people can often be served more effectively and at lower cost through robust community-based behavioral health services.

Number of behavioral health providers

United States

BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics

By 2036, the projected number of addiction counselors, mental health counselors, and psychologists in the United States is estimated to be less than the projected need.

Projected supply and demand of behavioral health providers

United States

HRSA National Center for Health Workforce Analysis

Substance use challenges and needs

State and local leaders face significant mental health, substance use, and housing challenges in their communities. Cross-system collaboration between public safety, health, and housing organizations and agencies is critical to improving outcomes for people in the justice system.

Share of adults reporting alcohol or drug misuse in the past year

United States, 2022

SAMHSA National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Based on admissions data from substance abuse treatment facilities, in 2023, 234,363 people in the United States were admitted for alcohol use, 173,685 for methamphetamine use, and 157,238 for heroin use.

SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data Set

In 2023, 47 percent of drug overdose deaths in the United States were due to fentanyl or tramadol. There were 7.7 times more fentanyl deaths in 2023 than in 2015.

Deaths due to overdose by drug type

United States

CDC National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System

Mental health needs and services

The need for behavioral health services in the country is substantial.

51,614,000

adults in the United States experienced mental illness in 2022.

39,692,000

adults in the United States experienced serious mental illness in 2022.

58,867,000

adults in the United States received mental health services of any kind in 2022.

11,921,000

adults in the United States needed, but did not receive, treatment at a specialized facility for substance use in 2022.

SAMHSA National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Since 2013, the share of people in the United States without health insurance has decreased from 14.5 percent to 7.9 percent of the total community population.

Share of community population by health insurance coverage type

United States

U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Homelessness and poverty

653,104 people in the United States were experiencing homelessness in January 2023. The national rate of homelessness is 195 per 100,000 residents

People experiencing homelessness

Rate per 100k residents, CSG Regions, 2023

HUD Annual Homelessness Assessment Report

7,685,282

people in the United States were unemployed in July 2024.

The national unemployment rate is 4.7 percent.

BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics

42,020,650

people in the United States had incomes below the federal poverty level in 2023.

The national poverty rate is 12.6 percent.

U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

Share of renters with high rent burden

United States

U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

In the United States in 2023, 11,239,019 people (26 percent of all renters) had rent that was more than half their incomes.

Between 2020 and 2023, violent crime fell in 39 states and rose in 12 states.

Percent change in violent crime, 2020 to 2023

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

The FBI stopped Uniform Crime Reporting Program Summary Reporting System (SRS) data collection after data year 2020 and required law enforcement agencies to use the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to report crime statistics to the FBI. This change decreased the number of agencies that submitted their crime data and thus reduced the reliability of state estimates in 2021. In 2022 and 2023, the FBI allowed agencies who were unable to submit NIBRS data to submit SRS data again. Ninety-four percent of the U.S. population was covered in the 2023 crime data submissions to the FBI, with most states providing close to complete data. However, the population upon which the estimates were derived decreased by over 10 percent in three states: Florida, Mississippi, and Wyoming, so conclusions about crime changes in those states should be interpreted with additional caution.

Murder is down 18 percent year to date in 2024 compared to 2023.

Year-to-date murders

277 cities, as of October 21, 2024

Figure was recreated from AH Datalytics YTD Murder Comparison, October 21, 2024

In 277 cities that publish murder data publicly, 174 cities had fewer murders in 2024 than in 2023. In data reported as of October 21, 2024, there have been 1,356 fewer murders in 2023 compared to the same point in 2024 in these cities.

Reported property and violent crime rates

There were 6,419,149 property index crime incidents reported to police in the United States in 2023.

Nationally, the property crime rate was 1,917 per 100,000 residents.

Property index crime reported to police

Rate per 100k residents, CSG Regions, 2023

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

There were 1,253,813 violent index crime incidents reported to police in the United States in 2023.

Nationally, the violent crime rate was 374 per 100,000 residents.

Violent index crime reported to police

Rate per 100k residents, CSG Regions, 2023

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

Property crime trends

In 2023, the property crime rate in the United States was 1,917 per 100,000 residents. Between 2013 and 2023, property crime decreased by 30 percent in the United States.

Property index crime reported to police

Rate per 100k residents

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

Burglary decreased by 59 percent, the largest change of any property crime. The next largest change was motor vehicle theft, which increased by 44 percent.

Property index crime reported to police by offense

Rate per 100k residents

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

Violent crime trends

In 2023, the violent crime rate in the United States was 374 per 100,000 residents. Between 2013 and 2023, violent crime decreased by 1 percent in the United States.

Violent index crime reported to police

Rate per 100k residents

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

Robbery decreased by 39 percent, the largest change of any violent crime. The next largest change was homicide, which increased by 27 percent.

Violent index crime reported to police by offense

Rate per 100k residents

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

In 2013, the FBI updated its rape definition to be more inclusive, so comparisons before and after should be interpreted with caution.

Homicide in rural and urban areas

Focusing just on crime in urban areas ignores a growing challenge in rural America where nationally, homicides increased 41 percent between 2013 and 2023, from 3.5 per 100k to 4.9 per 100k.

Homicides by jurisdiction type

Rate per 100k residents, 3-year moving average, United States

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

United States law enforcement agencies with the highest homicide rates, 2023

Agency	Jurisdiction Type	Number of homicides	Homicide rate per 100k
Maggie Valley Police Department	Small city, North Carolina	6	349.2
Estill Police Department	Small city, South Carolina	5	286.5
Calhoun County Sheriff's Office	Rural, Arkansas	7	198.4
Evergreen Police Department	Small city, Alabama	5	150.8
Crittenden County Sheriff's Office	Suburban, Arkansas	9	123.1

Jurisdiction Types

Large city
Population greater than 250k

Medium city
Population between 50k and 250k

Small city
Population less than 50k

Suburban
Non-city within a metropolitan area

Rural
Not in a metropolitan area

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS Includes agencies with 5 or more reported homicides.

The rate of property victimizations in 2023 was 71 percent lower than in 1993.

Property victimizations

Rate per 100k households, United States

BJS National Crime Victimization Survey

The rate of violent victimizations in 2023 was 72 percent lower than in 1993.

Violent victimizations

Rate per 100k residents, United States

BJS National Crime Victimization Survey

In 2021, state, local, and district governments in the United States spent $134,976,392,000 on law enforcement services. This was 3.0 percent of the overall state, local, and district expenditures and $407 per resident.

Law enforcement expenditures

Total per resident, CSG Regions, 2021

U.S. Census Bureau Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances

Police officers and detectives employed

Rate per 100k residents

BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics

Police officers and detectives per violent crime

Rate per reported violent crime incidents

BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

Law enforcement staffing can impact how agencies allocate resources to solve violent crime. For example, severe staff shortages can reduce investigative personnel or increase the number of cases that individual officers are managing. It is critical that agencies have the personnel to implement effective evidence-based policing strategies in collaboration with their communities.

Unsolved violent crime

Between 2013 and 2023, the number of violent crimes reported to law enforcement that were not cleared by an arrest or other means increased. Nationally, 59 percent of violent crimes known to law enforcement went unsolved in 2023.

Unsolved rate of violent crime reported to police

United States

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

In 2013, the FBI updated its rape definition to be more inclusive, so comparisons before and after should be interpreted with caution.

In the United States, 59 percent of violent crimes were not solved in 2023. Rape was the violent crime least frequently solved in 2023, with 72 percent of incidents reported to police not solved.

Agencies with the lowest rate of unsolved violent crimes in the United States:

Grand Blanc Township Police Department, MI (1%)
Levy County Sheriff's Office, FL (1%)
Northern York Co. Regional Police, PA (1%)
Post Falls Police Department, ID (2%)
Monroe County Sheriff's Office, FL (2%)

Includes agencies with 50 or more reported violent crimes.

Rates of unsolved crime vary across agencies for many different reasons including jurisdiction size, staffing, and access to investigative resources. Better understanding of the drivers of agency clearance rates can help policymakers target resources and identify opportunities for technical assistance where it might be needed most.

Number of law enforcement agencies by rate of unsolved violent crime

United States, 2023

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS

Nationally, the rate of total correctional control across prisons, jails, and community supervision has fallen since 2007. In 2020, all correctional populations dipped sharply. In 2021 and 2022, prison and probation populations remained steady, while jail popluations increased and parole populations decreased.

However, despite this downward trend, the current rate of correctional control is still nearly twice as high as it was in 1980. The majority of people under correctional control are on community supervision with more than half on probation in 2022. About 12 percent of people under correctional control are in jail, the smallest population group.

Population under correctional control

Rate per 100k residents, United States

Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice

Long-term jail population trends

Nationally, the rate of jail incarceration in 2022 was down 24 percent from its peak in 2007. Jail populations rebounded in 2021 and 2022 after dropping sharply in 2020, but still remain below the pre-pandemic rate.

Jail population

Rate per 100k residents, United States

Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice

In 2022, 70 percent of people (466,000 people) confined in jail in the United States were not convicted of a crime and awaiting court action on a current charge or being held for other reasons. In 1982, 57 percent of people in jail were being held without conviction.

Share of jail population by conviction status

United States

BJS Jail Inmates Series

Prison staffing and expenditures

In 2021, state, local, and district governments in the United States spent $86,905,848,000 on corrections. This was 1.9 percent of the overall state, local, and district expenditures and $262 per resident.

State and local corrections expenditures

Total per resident, CSG Regions, 2021

U.S. Census Bureau Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances

Nationally, states are struggling to hire and retain corrections officers. Staffing shortages impact correctional system operations, the availability of programming and reentry services, as well as the overall safety of staff and people who are incarcerated.

Corrections officers employed

Rate per 100k residents

BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics

Number of incarcerated persons per corrections officer

Rate per corrections officer

BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics BJS Prisoners in the United States

Long-term prison population trends

Nationally, the prison incarceration rate in 2022 was down 29 percent from its peak in 2007.

State prison population

Rate per 100k residents, United States

Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice

In 2021, 63 percent of people in state prison were convicted of a violent crime, compared to 46 percent in 1990. Compared to 1990, the rate of prison incarceration for violent offenses was 50 percent higher, and the rate of incarceration for drug offenses was 37 percent lower in 2021.

Share of state prison population by most serious offense

United States

Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice

Prison populations and length of stay

Declines in the national prison population have primarily been driven by a decrease in people held for nonviolent offenses.

Between 2011 and 2021 in the United States, the prison population serving sentences for nonviolent offenses decreased by 36 percent, while the prison population serving sentences for violent offenses decreased by 12 percent.

Prison population by most serious offense type

United States

BJS Prisoners in the United States and BJS National Corrections Reporting Program

In 2020, the average length of stay of people released from prison who were serving time for a violent offense in the United States was 5.0 years.

Average length of stay (years) of people exiting prison

United States, Prison terms for violent offenses

BJS National Corrections Reporting Program

Nationally, the probation population rate in 2022 was down 38 percent from its peak in 2007.

Probation population

Rate per 100k residents, United States

Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice

In 2022, roughly equal numbers of people were on probation for violent, property, and drug offenses. Compared to 2002, a larger share of people on probation in 2022 had been convicted of a violent offense, and a smaller share had been convicted of a public order offense.

Share of probation population by most serious offense

United States

BJS Probation and Parole in the United States

Probation successes and failures

The United States had a probation supervision rate of 894 per 100,000 residents in 2022.

States across the country have taken steps to safely reduce supervision populations, improve supervision success, and focus resources on those most likely to reoffend. The focus of these policy changes includes implementing evidence-based interventions to encourage behavior change, limiting returns to prison for technical violations, and providing earned compliance credits to reduce supervision terms, among others.

Since 2012, the number of people on probation in the United States has decreased by 24 percent.

Probation population

United States

BJS Probation and Parole in the United States

Share of successful exits from probation

United States

BJS Probation and Parole in the United States

Admissions to prison for probation violations

United States

CSG Justice Center Supervision Violations and Their Impact on Incarceration

In 2021, 47 percent of probation violation admissions were for technical violations.

Parole eligibility

Reentry is a significant aspect of our criminal justice system. More than 90 percent of incarcerated individuals are released back into the community.

Effectively preparing someone for release and providing the support they need in the community affects whether they succeed or return to the corrections system.

Parole release policies and practices have a significant impact on prison populations. In the United States in 2020 (data available from 19 states), there were at least 80,415 people in prison with sentences between 1 and 25 years who were eligible for parole. This group made up 29 percent of the total prison population.

Parole eligibility of prison population

United States (19 states), 2020

BJS National Corrections Reporting Program

In 2020, 71 percent of people leaving prison in the United States (data available from 43 states) were granted conditional release. 5 percent of people released from prison were released 3 years or more after their parole eligibility date (data available from 16 states).

Releases from prison by post-release status

United States (43 states), 2020

BJS National Corrections Reporting Program

Releases from prison by time to parole eligibility

United States (16 states), 2020

BJS National Corrections Reporting Program

Long-term parole population trends

Nationally, the parole population rate in 2022 was down 24 percent from its peak in 2007.

Parole population

Rate per 100k residents, United States

Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice

Share of parole population by most serious offense

United States

BJS Probation and Parole in the United States

Parole successes and failures

The United States had a parole supervision rate of 178 per 100,000 residents in 2022.

Since 2012, the number of people on parole in the United States has decreased by 21 percent. The share of people successfully completing parole was 60 percent in 2022 and 57 percent in 2012.

Parole population

United States

BJS Probation and Parole in the United States

Share of successful exits from parole

United States

BJS Probation and Parole in the United States

In 2021, 21 percent of United States prison admissions were for parole violations.

Admissions to prison for parole violations

United States

CSG Justice Center Supervision Violations and Their Impact on Incarceration

In 2021, 52 percent of parole violation admissions were for technical violations.

Reentry and Recidivism

Collateral consequences of convictions

Collateral consequences impact employment opportunities either by restricting access to occupational licenses needed to work in certain fields, restricting access to business licenses needed to pursue self-employment, or directly limiting the ability of employers to hire or retain workers with certain conviction histories.

In the United States, 75 percent of collateral consequences for convictions are employment related.

Number of employment-related collateral consequences by type

United States

National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction

46 percent of consequences in the United States are mandatory and prohibit, without exception, the employment, retention, or licensing of a person with a conviction for a specified offense.

63 percent of consequences in the United States may be indefinite in duration.

Number of employment-related collateral consequences by field

United States

National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction

Arrests, convictions, and returns to prison

Of people released from prison in 2012, 71 percent were arrested within 5 years of release, 54 percent were convicted of a new offense, and 46 percent returned to prison.

Cumulative percentage of people released from prison who had a recidivism event within 5 years of release

34 states, 2012 releases

BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012

Nationally, the recidivism rate has been decreasing.

In 2005, 77 percent of people released from state prison were arrested within 5 years of release. Of people released in 2012, 71 percent were arrested within 5 years.

Percentage of people released from prison who were arrested following release

United States

BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012

State-specific recidivism

Many states saw reductions in 3-year prison reincarceration rates.

Change in 3-year prison reincarceration rate

Reincarceration rates between the earliest to latest release cohorts

State-specific recidivism reports

Racial disparities are pervasive across multiple community and behavioral health outcomes, in addition to the criminal justice system.

In the United States in 2024, the Black unemployment rate was 2.0 times higher, and the Latino unemployment rate was 1.6 times higher, than the White unemployment rate.

In the United States in 2022, 21 percent of Black people and 17 percent of Latino people earned incomes below the federal poverty level.

Share of people with income below the poverty line by race and ethnicity

United States

U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey

In the United States in 2023, White people died at a higher rate than Black people due to alcohol and suicide. Black people died at a higher rate than White people due to drug overdoses and homicide.

Cause of death by race and ethnicity

Rate per 100k residents, United States, 2023

CDC National Center for Health Statistics

Rates for some racial and ethnic groups are not available due to data suppression rules for small populations.

Victimization and arrests

There are racial disparities for both victims of crime and people arrested.

The following victimization estimates only include those incidents that are reported to the police. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, in 2022, national reporting rates across different racial and ethnic groups varied slightly, with White, Black, and Latino individuals reporting at higher rates (between 42 percent and 48 percent) compared to Asian and other racial groups (between 22 percent and 34 percent).

In 2022, the Black violent victimization rate was 3.0 times higher than the White violent vicitimization rate in the United States. Black people were arrested for violent crimes at a rate 3.7 times higher than White people.

Victimizations and arrests for violent crime by race

Rate per 100k residents, United States, 2022

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS

In 2022, Black people were arrested for property crimes at a rate 2.4 times higher than White people.

Arrests for property crime by race

Rate per 100k residents, United States, 2022

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS

Race categories include people of any ethnicity, and many Latino people may be counted as White. Not enough law enforcement agencies collect ethnicity data to make reliable estimates for the Latino population.

Demographic profile of victims of violent crime

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, only 42 percent of violent victimizations nationwide were reported to the police in 2022.

Of the victimizations that were reported to police, the demographic make-up of victims differs from the general population. People of certain age groups, races, and genders are more often victims of crime than would be expected based on their share of the total population.

Share of victims of violent crime compared to share of total population by age

United States, 2022

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS

People between the ages of 18 and 34 were 1.9 times more likely to be victims of violent crime relative to their share of the total United States population.

Share of victims of violent crime compared to share of total population by race

United States, 2022

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS

Black people were victims of violent crime 2.5 times more often than their share of the United States population.

In the United States, 74 percent of victims of violent crime were of the same race as the person perpetrating violence against them.

Share of victims of violent crime compared to share of total population by sex

United States, 2022

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS

The share of women and men who were victims of violent crime was almost the same as their percentage in the total population.

Demographic profile of people arrested for violent crime

The demographic make-up of people arrested for violent crime differs from the general population. People of certain age groups, races, and genders are arrested more often than would be expected based on their share of the total population.

Share of people arrested for violent crime compared to share of total population by age

United States, 2022

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS

People between the ages of 18 and 34 were 2.2 times more likely to be arrested for violent crime relative to their share of the total United States population.

Share of people arrested for violent crime compared to share of total population by race

United States, 2022

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS

Black people were arrested for violent crime 2.8 times more often than their share of the United States population.

Share of people arrested for violent crime compared to share of total population by sex

United States, 2022

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS

Men were arrested for violent crime 1.6 times more often than their share of the United States population.

Homicide victimization and unsolved cases

The national homicide rate of Black victims has been persistently higher than the rate of White victims, but the disparity grew between 2019 and 2022.

In 2022, Black people died by homicide at a rate 7 times higher than White people.

Age-adjusted homicide deaths by race of victim

Rate per 100k residents, United States

CDC National Center for Health Statistics, Michigan Department of Health & Human Services

Nationally, homicides of Black victims were almost twice as likely to go unsolved in 2022 as homicides of White victims.

Percentage of unsolved homicides by race of victim

United States

Murder Accountabilitly Project

Correctional control

Nationally, Black people experience the highest rates of correctional control, but other racial and ethnic groups also experience disparate outcomes compared to White people. These disparities are the result of many factors both in and outside of the criminal justice system.

Compared to White adults, Black adults in the United States are…

2.6x

more likely to be arrested

2.7x

more likely to be on probation

4.4x

more likely to be in prison

3.7x

more likely to be on parole

Compared to White adults, Latino adults in the United States are…

N/A

arrest rate

19%

less likely to be on probation

1.2x

more likely to be in prison

1.3x

more likely to be on parole

Compared to White adults, American Indian adults in the United States are…

1.4x

more likely to be arrested

N/A

probation supervision rate

3.3x

more likely to be in prison

N/A

parole supervision rate

Compared to White adults, Asian adults in the United States are…

80%

less likely to be arrested

N/A

probation supervision rate

83%

less likely to be in prison

N/A

parole supervision rate

FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS, BJS Probation and Parole in the United States, and BJS Prisoners in the United States

Demographics across the criminal justice system

Nationally, racial disparities between Black and White populations have decreased over the past decade. However, large disparities still exist.

In the community: Disparities in non-fatal violent victimization were almost eliminated in the past decade, but the disparities in arrest rate has remained the same where the arrest rate for Black individuals is double the rate it is for White people.

	Black-White disparity, 2013	Black-White disparity, 2023	Percent change
Non-fatal violent victimization	1.2	1.1	-8%
Arrest	2.1	2.1	0%

BJS National Crimie Victimization Survey and FBI Crime in the United State Annual Report

Community supervision: Disparities in community supervision decreased. While disparities shrunk by about a quarter, the parole supervision rate in the Black community remains more than 3 times higher than in the White population.

	Black-White disparity, 2012	Black-White disparity, 2022	Percent change
Probation	2.9	2.8	-3%
Parole	4.9	3.7	-24%

BJS Probation and Parole in the United States

Institutional corrections: Disparities in institutional correctional settings have also decreased; however, the prison incarceration rate remains nearly 5 times higher for the Black population compared to the White Population.

	Black-White disparity, 2012	Black-White disparity, 2022	Percent change
Jail	4.1	3.5	-15%
Prison	5.8	4.9	-16%

BJS Annual Survey of Jails and BJS Prisoners in the United States

Data Source	Description
YTD Murder Comparison AH Datalytics Most recent data: 2024 www.ahdatalytics.com	AH Datalytics collects and displays year-to-date murder data made publicly available by more than 250 of the largest cities in the United States. Data include counts of year-to-date murders for the current and prior years, along with the “as of” date for which the count was made, and a link to the source of the count. This data is a good proxy indicator for the national change in murder from year to year and is available far earlier than national data from the FBI.
Annual Survey of Jails Bureau of Justice Statistics Most recent data: 2022 bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/annual-survey-jails-asj	The Bureau of Justice Statistics administers the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ), which describes the number of persons held in local jails, jail incarceration rates, inmate demographics, conviction status and most serious offense, the number of admissions to jail, jail capacity, inmate turnover rates, and staff employed in local jails. The ASJ surveys a representative sample of jails and estimated state and national figures from this sample. The 2022 ASJ sample consisted of 892 active jail jurisdictions, represented by 935 reporting units.
National Corrections Reporting Program Bureau of Justice Statistics Most recent data: 2020 bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/national-corrections-reporting-program-ncrp	The Bureau of Justice Statistics National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP) has been collecting administrative data on individuals in the prison and parole populations annually for 40 years. Case-level data on admissions, releases, and custodial prison populations are available, as well as data on parole entries and discharges, for participating jurisdictions. Nearly all states currently participate in the annual NCRP project, although many states do not submit complete data. Demographic data on age, sex, race, ethnicity, veteran status, and educational attainment are included in the collections.
National Crime Victimization Survey Bureau of Justice Statistics Most recent data: 2023 bjs.ojp.gov/data- collection/ncvs	The Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is conducted annually through interviews with a nationally representative sample of about 240,000 people in about 150,000 households. The NCVS collects information about criminal victimization both reported and not reported to police and is a key source in understanding the full scope of victimization. NCVS data for 2006 are not comparable with other years and are omitted from the charts included here.
Prisoners in the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics Most recent data: 2022 (2021 for custodial populations by crime type) bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners- 2022-statistical-tables	The Bureau of Justice Statistics annual Prisoners in the United States reports are based on the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) Program and provide an annual count of sentenced individuals who are under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities or under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. To be included in the NPS survey, individuals must have received a sentence of more than one year, with the exception of unified correctional systems in AK, CT, DE, HI, RI, and VT, and consequently report on all individuals in their custody. The series includes prison population counts on the last day of the calendar year, prison admissions and releases, and rates of imprisonment. Demographic and offense characteristics of the imprisoned population are also collected and included in the statistical tables and reports. Additional detail in Prisoners in the United States is based on National Corrections Reporting Program data.
Probation and Parole in the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics Most recent data: 2022 bjs.ojp.gov/library/ publications/probation-and-parole-united-states-2022	The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) annual Probation and Parole in the United States reports are based on the the BJS Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, and Federal Justice Statistics Program, which collect data on adults placed on correctional supervision (entries) or removed from supervision (exits) during the reporting year and on characteristics of the population at year end. The data include population characteristics such as sex, race or ethnicity, and most serious offense.
Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012: A 5-Year Follow-Up Period Bureau of Justice Statistics Bureau of Justice Statistics Report available: bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/rpr34s125yfup1217.pdf	BJS uses criminal history records to study the number and types of crimes committed by state prisoners both prior to and following their release. The first study tracked a sample of state prisoners released in 11 states in 1983, and the second study followed a sample of state prisoners released in 15 states in 1994. Both studies had a 3-year follow-up period. The latest study tracked a sample of prisoners released in 34 states in 2012 for 5 years after release. These studies documented the arrest, conviction, and incarceration experiences of the former inmates within and outside of the state that released them.
Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics Most Recent Data: 2023 www.bls.gov/oes/	The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for approximately 830 occupations beginning with the May 2012 reference period. These estimates are available as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas; national occupational estimates for specific industries are also available.
Local Area Unemployment Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics Most Recent Data: 2024 www.bls.gov/lau/	The Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program produces monthly and annual employment, unemployment, and labor force data for Census regions and divisions, states, counties, metropolitan areas, and many cities. The state unemployment data in this report uses non-seasonally adjusted rates for the community population.
Multiple Cause of Death Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Most Recent Data: 2023 wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html	The Multiple Cause of Death database contains mortality and population counts for all U.S. counties. Data are based on death certificates for U.S. residents.
Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Most Recent Data: 2023 wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html	Provisional drug overdose death counts are based on death records received and processed by the National Center for Health Statistics. Data for 2023 is still considered provisional and subject to change. Drug overdose deaths may involve multiple drugs; therefore, a single death might be included in more than one category when describing the number of drug overdose deaths involving specific drugs.
Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Most Recent Data: 2023 wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html	Provisional drug overdose death counts are based on death records received and processed by the National Center for Health Statistics. Data for 2023 is still considered provisional and subject to change. Drug overdose deaths may involve multiple drugs; therefore, a single death might be included in more than one category when describing the number of drug overdose deaths involving specific drugs.
Tracking the Size of America’s Criminal Justice System Council on Criminal Justice Most Recent Data: 2022 wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html	This series of interactive charts summarizes trends in crime, arrests, and correctional control (incarceration and community supervision), comparing current levels with their most recent peaks or valleys. Analyses reflect national data from the last two to six decades. Data were collected across various reports, data tools, and databases.
Supervision Violations and Their Impact on Incarceration The Council of State Governments Justice Center Most Recent Data: 2021 wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html	The Council of State Governments (CSG) Justice Center’s third report on the impact of supervision violations is based on 4 years of survey data from all 50 state corrections departments. Each state submitted survey data on the number of annual admissions and the year-end population of people who violated their community supervision annually from 2018 through 2021. The survey also broke down whether people were incarcerated for committing technical violations or violations associated with new criminal activity.
Uniform Crime Report Program National Incident-Based Reporting System Federal Bureau of Investigation Most Recent Data: 2023 bjs.ojp.gov/national-incident-based-reporting- system-nibrs	NIBRS is designed to improve the accuracy and reliability of crime statistics gathered by law enforcement agencies. Unlike the Summary Reporting System, which collects summary data on eight major crimes, NIBRS compiles detailed information on a broader range of offenses and collects data on each incident, including details about victi ms, offenders, and property involved. Not all law enforcement agencies and states report NIBRS data to the FBI, so some figures using NIBRS data are not included in this report. For other states, the FBI, along with BJS, developed estimation techniques to account for nonreporting agencies and missing or unknown information within a reported incident, where appropriate. Whenever NIBRS data is used in this report, we rely on the state-level estimates released by the FBI and BJS. States with too much missing data to make reliable estimates are excluded.
Workforce Projections National Center for Health Workforce Analysis Most Recent Data: 2023 data.hrsa.gov/topics/health- workforce/workforce-projections	Workforce Projections provide projections for the national supply of and demand for health professions by discipline using the Health Resources & Services Administration’s Health Workforce Simulation model. The estimates represent the supply, demand, and distribution of health care workers, to inform public policy decisionmakers to help prevent shortages and surpluses.
Age-Adjusted Homicide Death Rates by Race and Sex 1980-2021 Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Most Recent Data: 2022 www.mdch.state.mi.us/osr/deaths/Homicdx.asp	The Division for Vital Records & Health Statistics within the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) compiles the annual rate of deaths by homicide per 100,000 people in a specified group. DHHS calculates this rate for the state of Michigan and also calculates a national rate using the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics. An age-adjusted death rate is defined as “a summary rate of death that is developed using a standard population distribution to improve the comparability of rates for areas or population subgroups with differing age distributions.”
Homicide by Race Murder Accountability Project Most Recent Data: 2023 www.murderdata.org	The Murder Accountability Project is a nonprofit group organized in 2015 and dedicated to educating Americans on the importance of accurately accounting for unsolved homicides within the United States. This website gives police and the public easy-to-use access to two datasets maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation: the Uniform Crime Report from 1965 to the present and the Supplementary Homicide Report from 1976 to the present. The Murder Accountability Project, using the Freedom of Information Act, has also obtained data on more than 39,000 homicides that were not reported to the Justice Department in either of those databases. This information is the most complete data on U.S. homicides available anywhere.
National Inventory of Collateral Consequences The National Reentry Resource Center Most Recent Data: 2024 niccc.nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/consequences	National Inventory of the Collateral Consequences of Conviction (NICCC) is an online searchable database that identifies and categorizes the statutes and regulations that impose collateral consequences in all 50 states, the federal system, and the District of Columbia, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. Each consequence is given a brief description and categorized by a number of features that describe the nature and operation of the consequence. This categorization helps with searching and filtering the consequences in the database and allows users to identify relevant consequences based on their common characteristics. It is searchable by keyword, consequence type, offense type, discretion, and duration.
National Survey on Drug Use and Health Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Most Recent Data: 2022 www.samhsa.gov/data/nsduh/state-reports	The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) releases state estimates for a limited number of substance use and mental health measures. They are generally based on two years of combined data and cover each state and the District of Columbia. NSDUH is a household survey of people living in the U.S. over the age of 12, not living in institutions such as prisons or nursing homes, not experiencing homelessness, and speak English or Spanish. State data tables provide estimates for 35 measures of substance use and mental health by age group.
American Community Survey U.S. Census Bureau Most Recent Data: 2023 www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs	The American Community Survey is a nationwide survey that collects and produces information on social, economic, housing, and demographic characteristics about our nation’s population every year. In each year, the ACS surveys approximately two million households. One-year ACS estimates from 2020 are considered unreliable because of decreased data collection due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and are excluded. In this report, we use ACS tables B03002 (population by race and ethnicity), B27010 (health insurance), B25070 (rent burden), and B17001 (poverty).
Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances U.S. Census Bureau Most Recent Data: 2021 www.census.gov/programs-surveys/gov-finances.html	This survey provides local government data on debt and assets as well as revenues and expenditures by governmental function (i.e., police protection, fire protection, correction, etc.) of counties, cities, township governments, special districts and dependent agencies. In the data presented in this report, total expenditures of state and local governments are combined.
Annual Homelessness Assessment Report U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Most Recent Data: 2023 www.huduser.gov/portal/home.html	The Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) includes Point-In-Time (PIT) estimates of the number of people experiencing homelessness, both sheltered and unsheltered. Estimates are based on one-night PIT counts conducted by local continuums of care (CoCs). HUD provides CoCs with methodological standards for conducting the PIT count, but CoCs determine their own methodology for conducting the counts, typically held during the last ten days of January. The AHAR contains national, state, and CoC-level PIT estimates of homelessness.

State-by-State Recidivism Data

Recidivism definitions vary by state. In these snapshots, we utilize whenever available, 3-year reincarceration rates for all prison releases and 3-year revocation rates for those serving time on probation. These definitions were most commonly seen across states. For some states, these definitions were not available; in these cases, other measures of recidivism are shown, including 3-year parole reincarceration rates and 3-year felony reconviction rates.
Most Recent Data: The most recent available 3-year recidivism data were those released from prison or supervised on probation in year 2019. For a significant portion of states, 2019 release/probation cohorts were not available and hence earlier release/probation cohorts were used. This included primarily those released in 2018 and 2017, but in some cases, earlier release cohorts were the most recent data found. Note that some states use calendar years when reporting on recidivism rates while others use fiscal years.